Examples:

The report¹ found that...
As has been noted previously,²
This argument was refuted in another study.³
Other reports^4,5confirm these findings. (Note: Two sources are cited.)
"...as has been the conclusion of this author."⁶ (Note: Use after direct quotation.)
In recent reports^1,3-5,9surgical outcomes have been...(Note: Multiple sources cited; not all are consecutive.)

Author last name Author’s first initials. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; year.

Bickley LS. Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins; 2013.

(List all authors if six or less, otherwise list three followed by "et al") Author(s) separated by commas. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; year.

Gilman S, Newman SW. Manter and Gatz's Essentials of Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2003

Author(s), eds. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; year.

Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 2003.

Author(s) of article. Title of article. In: Editor's name, ed. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year: Chapter or page number.

Cohen M. Chronic and Acute. In: Sapphire P, ed. The Disenfranchised. Amityville, New York: Baywood Publishing; 2013: Chapter 12.

ONE AUTHOR

(do not include issue number or month unless volumes are not consecutively numbered)

Author. Article title. Journal Title. Month Year;Volume(Issue):Inclusive page numbers.

Steward DL. Effectiveness of multilevel (tongue and palate) radiofrequency tissue ablation for patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Laryngoscope. 2004;114(12):2073-2084.

MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR

(list all authors if six or less, otherwise list first three followed by “et al”)

Author(s) of article. Article title. Journal Title. Year;Volume:Inclusive page numbers.

Hamilton GS, Naugthon MT. Impact of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Med J Aust. 2013;199:27-30.

ELECTRONIC ARTICLES FROM ONLINE JOURNALS WITH DOI AVAILABLE

(when using a DOI, no access date or URL is needed)

Author(s). Title of article. Name of Journal. Year;vol(issue):pages. doi:xx.xxxx.

Morrison G, Van Langenberg DR, Gibson SJ, Gibson PR. Chronic pain in inflammatory bowel disease: characteristics and associations of a hospitalbased cohort. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2013;19(6):1210-1217. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e318280e729.

ELECTRONIC ARTICLES FROM ONLINE JOURNALS WITHOUT DOI AVAILABLE

(the accessed date will often be the only date available)

Author(s). Title of article. Name of Journal. Year;vol(issue);pages. URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date.

Thomas JL. Helpful or harmful? Potential effects of exercise on select inflammatory conditions. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41(4):93- 100. https://physsportsmed.org/psm.2013.11.2040. Accessed November 22, 2013.

Epub AHEAD OF PRINT ELECTRONIC ARTICLES FROM ONLINE JOURNALS WITH DOI AVAILABLE

(when using a DOI, no access date or URL is needed)

Author(s). Title of article [published online ahead of print (add date)]. Name of Journal. Year;vol(issue):pages. doi:xx.xxxx.

Shen S, Gehlert DR, Collier DA. PACAP and PAC1 receptor in brain development and behavior [published online ahead of print October 23 2013]. Neuropeptides. 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.005.

Epub AHEAD OF PRINT ELECTRONIC ARTICLES FROM ONLINE JOURNALS WITHOUT DOI AVAILABLE

(when using a DOI, no access date or URL is needed)

Author(s). Title of article [published online ahead of print (add date)]. Name of Journal. Year;vol(issue):pages. URL. Published Date. Updated Date. Accessed Date.

Klintwall L, Eldevik S, Eikeseth S. Narrowing the gap: Effects of intervention on developmental trajectories in autism [published online ahead of print November 8 2013]. Autism. http://aut.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/11/07/1362361313510067.lon g. 2013. Accessed November 8, 2013.

BOOK CHAPTER/ARTICLE FROM AN INTERNET-BASED BOOK

(eBOOK)

Author(s) of chapter/article. Title of article. In: Editor's name, ed. Title of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year: URL. Assessed date: Chapter or page number or section number.

Fields HL, Martin JB. Pain: pathophysiology and management. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Kasper DL, Loscalzo J, Jameson JL, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4. Accessed by November 22, 2013: 71-73.

Author or responsible body. Title of item cited. Name of website. URL. Published date. Updated date. Accessed date.

World Health Organization. Philippines: Assistance and response after Typhoon Haiyan. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/features/2013/philippines-typhoonhaiyan/en/index.html. Published November 2013. Accessed November 22, 2013

Author(s). Title of database [database online]. Location of publisher: Publisher Name; year of publication. URL. Accessed date. Embase [database online].

Philadelphia PA: Elsevier; 2013. http://www.embase.com/home. Accessed November 25, 2013. Porter RS, Kaplan JL. Merck Manual [database online]. Whitehouse Station, N.J.:Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.; 2012. Accessed November 25, 2013.

SOFTWARE

(includes mobile apps and CDs)

Name of Computer Program [computer program]. Version if available. Location of publisher: Publisher Name; year.

Skyscape [computer program]. Marlborough, MA: Skyscape.com Inc; 2013.

Clinical Pharmacology [computer program]. Version 2.07. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard Media; 2003.

Author(s). Title of paper. Paper presented at: Name of meeting; Month, Year; Location. URL. Accessed date.

Baxley EG, Lawson-Johnson L, Vivier, P. Reducing health care disparities through education. Paper presented at the AMA Accelerating Change in Medical Education Conference; October, 2013; Chicago, IL. http://www.ama-assn.org/sub/acceleratingchange/pdf/disparities-baxley-lawsonjohnson.pdf. Accessed November 25, 2013.